Černá v Pošumaví consists of six municipal parts (in brackets population according to the 2021 census):[2] The Czech name Černá (i.e. 'black') and the historical German name Schwarzbach (i.e. 'black stream') were derived from the stream that flowed below the village.

The first written mention of Černá v Pošumaví is in the donation deed of King Ottokar II from 1268, who gave the village to his burgrave Hirzo of Klingenberg.

[4] After 1945, some formerly independent municipalities in the territory of today's Černá v Pošumaví were liquidated due to the expulsion of the German population and the modification of the border zone, partly due to the construction of the Lipno Reservoir.

Ink was used for the production of pencils in the Zlatá Koruna and in České Budějovice at the Koh-i-Noor Hardtmuth company.

The railway line České Budějovice–Nové Údolí runs along the northwestern municipal border, however, the train station called Černá v Pošumaví is located outside the territory of Černá v Pošumaví.