Until 1933 he was a faculty member at Darulfunün, later Istanbul University, of which he was the first rector following the establishment of the Republic of Turkey.

Following his dismissal from the university in 1933 he published and edited a cultural magazine entitled Yeni Adam and served as a deputy at the Turkish Parliament from Republican People's Party for two terms from 1942 to 1950.

[5] In 1921 he was named as the dean of the Faculty of Letters at Darulfünun which he held the post until 1924 when he was appointed rector of the university.

[4] He had to resign from office in 1927[2] due to his support for the student demonstrations against an increase in the price of train tickets.

[4] In 1941 Baltacıoğlu joined Ankara University's Faculty of Language, History and Geography and was promoted to the professorship in pedagogy.

[4] In 1956 he started another magazine named Din Yolu (Turkish: Road of Religion) which ceased publication shortly after its establishment.

[2] There are also numerous articles written by him which are concerned with pedadogy, sociology, arts, religion, philosophy and literature.

[4] For instance, Baltacıoğlu paid much more attention to religion, language and arts than other social institutions in that for him these three are the basis of a society's traditions.