It was founded in 1915 by composer and conductor Tadeusz Mazurkiewicz and Gotliba Teschnera, a cello instructor and bookstore owner.
The men organized the orchestra initially as a temporary ensemble to play for a benefit for impoverished musicians.
The orchestra was made up of approximately 60 musicians, both professional and amateur.
The enthusiastic reception of this benefit concert drew the patronage of industrialist Karol Wilhelm Scheilbler, who provided the finances necessary to make the orchestra a permanent ensemble.
Conductor Lech Dzierżanowski has served as the orchestra's General and Artistic Director since 2007.