[1] In the past this region was often considered a subregion of neighboring areas, having been much affected by them, as well as by foreign languages, namely Czech, Slovak, German, Carpathian Rusyn, and Hungarian.
In the north, denasalization word-medially occurs before any consonant: siogali (sięgali), zajoce (zające), and sometimes piyknie (pięknie).
Final -ą shifts to -o, and is consistently changed in the third person present/future tense and the accusative and instrumental feminine singular of nouns.
In the south, nasals are closer to the standard, but usually undergo raising, so ę > yN, ą > óN, oN.
Verbs ending in -ąć typically lose ł, l in past tense forms: wzion (wziął).
The change of word-final -ch > -k is well preserved here, and can happen not only in grammatical endings but stems as well, and the resulting k can undergo voicing when before vowels and liquids.
ch changes to k also in clusters, especially chrz > krz, chc // chć > kc // kć, chw > kw, sch > sk, and cht > kt, except “chwycić” (and its prefixed derivatives), as this word did not gain a secondary -w-, and is pronounced as (original) chycić.
Rarely -o in the nominative/accusative singular of soft-stem neuter nouns due to Silesian influence: zielo (ziele) Due to Silesian influence-i is used in the nominative/accusative neuter of adjectives and pronouns due to Silesian influence: taki sukno (takie sukno), -i is used for the non-masculine plural of adjectives and pronouns: ôgródecki ‘malutki (ogródeczki malutkie); and -igo/-ygo is used for the masculine/neuter genitive singular of adjectives and pronouns (as the result from old slanted é): z takigo (z takiego).
As in many other Goral dialects, namely Orawa, Podhale, and Spisz, the first personal singular present/future tense of verbs is typically -em, of Slovakian origin: jezdzem (jeżdżę).
The first person plural present/future verb forms are often levelled via analogy: idemy, chodzemy, mogemy (idziemy, chodzimy, możemy).
The first person plural past tense often has -my instead of -śmy, probably as a result of a reduction of -chmy (from the aorist -ch- + -my): ‘bawilimy sie (bawiliśmy się).