Elections were held for the 58th United States Congress, and occurred in the middle of Republican President Theodore Roosevelt's first term, during the Fourth Party System.

Roosevelt had become president on September 14, 1901, upon the assassination of his predecessor, William McKinley.

Republicans retained a majority in both chambers of Congress, while the Populist Party and Silver Republican Party disappeared from Congress.

Democrats picked up several seats in the newly enlarged House, while Republicans made lesser gains.

Republicans continued to control the chamber with a slightly diminished majority.