The 1982–83 Segunda División B season was the 5th since its establishment.
40 teams joined the league, including four relegated from the 1980–81 Segunda División and 6 promoted from the 1980–81 Tercera División.
The composition of the groups was determined by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, attending to geographical criteria.
Teams from Aragon, Asturias, Basque Country, Canary Islands, Castile and León, Catalonia, Galicia, La Rioja and Madrid.
Teams from Andalusia, Andorra, Aragon, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Castilla–La Mancha, Catalonia, Ceuta, Extremadura, Madrid, Region of Murcia and Valencian Community.