The 1st Guards Corps (Russian: 1-й Гвардейский корпус) was a corps-level command in the Imperial Russian Army that existed in the decades leading up to and during World War I. Stationed in Saint Petersburg, it included some of the oldest and best known regiments of the Emperor's Guard.

After the reforms in the 1830s, during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I, the corps was reorganized into two separate units: the 1st Guards Infantry Corps, which included three infantry divisions, a sapper battalion, and a Finnish rifle battalion, and a 1st Guards Reserve Cavalry Corps with three cavalry divisions and horse artillery.

This basic structure existed through the Crimean War.

Military reforms began in 1862, and in 1864 both the Guards Infantry and Cavalry Corps had been disbanded.

In the Kerensky offensive, the 1st Guards Corps launched an attack on Austrian and German positions in the sector of the Russian Eleventh Army and took heavy losses.