Koper were the defending champions, having won their first the previous season.
Interblock, who placed ninth in 2009–10, entered relegation play-offs and were beaten by Triglav, the runners-up of the 2009–10 Slovenian Second League.
Along with Triglav, Primorje were promoted back to top flight as champions of the Slovenian Second League, having been relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season.
The ninth-placed team of the PrvaLiga, Nafta, was supposed to play a two-legged relegation play-off against the runners-up of the 2010–11 Slovenian Second League, Interblock, but they declined promotion and the play-offs were cancelled.
Every team plays four times against their opponents, twice at home and twice on the road, for a total of 36 matches.