Fenerbahçe's 2023–24 home kit, manufactured by Puma, was unveiled and debuted on 11 June 2023, in the 2023 Turkish Cup final, and was up for sale on the same day.

[12] On 2 July, Fenerbahçe announced that Dimitrios Pelkas and Ezgjan Alioski left the team after their contracts expired, while Mërgim Berisha transferred to FC Augsburg.

[17][18] On 7 July, Fenerbahçe announced that they had reached an agreement with Beveren for the loan transfer of Tiago Çukur for one season.

[19] On 9 July, Fenerbahce drew 0–0 with Zenit Saint Petersburg in the first match of the Pari Premier Cup, and was defeated 4–3 on penalty shoot-outs.

[22] On 12 July, Fenerbahçe announced the signing of Sebastian Szymański from Dynamo Moscow, penning a four-year contract with the player.

[31] On 26 July, Fenerbahçe defeated Zimbru Chișinău 5–0 in the first leg of the UEFA Europa Conference League second qualifying round.

[32] On 1 August, Fenerbahçe defeated Zimbru Chișinău 4–0 in the second leg of the UEFA Europa Conference League second qualifying round.

[44] On 21 August, Fenerbahçe secured their consecutive second win of the Süper Lig by defeating Samsunspor 2–0 away from home, with goals from Edin Džeko and Sebastian Szymański.

[46] On 24 August, Fenerbahçe defeated Twente 5–1 in the first leg of the UEFA Europa Conference League play-off round with goals from Jayden Oosterwolde, Sebastian Szymański, İrfan Can Kahveci, and Dušan Tadić.

[54] On 15 September, Omar Fayed and Jo Jin-ho transferred to Novi Pazar on loan until the end of the season.

[57] On 21 September, goals from Miguel Crespo, Michy Batshuayi and Serdar Aziz secured Fenerbahçe a 3–1 win over Nordsjælland on the first matchday of the Europa Conference League.

[58] On 24 September, Fenerbahçe registered a 1–0 away win at Alanyaspor, with the lone goal being scored by İrfan Kahveci in the forty third minute.

[60] On 1 October, Fenerbahçe defeated Çaykur Rizespor 5–0 with the goals of Sebastian Szymański, İrfan Kahveci, Edin Džeko, Dušan Tadić, and Joshua King.

[63] On 8 October, Fenerbahçe secured their consecutive eighth win of the Süper Lig by defeating Kasımpaşa 2–0 away from home, with goals from Edin Džeko and Dušan Tadić.

[64] On 22 October, Fenerbahçe defeated Hatayspor 4–2 with the goals of Sebastian Szymański, Bright Osayi-Samuel, Edin Džeko and İrfan Kahveci.

[70] After the international break, on 26 November, second-half goals from Dušan Tadić earned Fenerbahçe a 2–1 home win over Fatih Karagümrük.

[73] On 9 December, Edin Džeko, Dušan Tadić and Sebastian Szymański scored goals for a 3–1 away win against Beşiktaş in the derby.

[74] On 14 December, Fenerbahçe produced a 4–0 home victory over Spartak Trnava in the Europa Conference League and advanced to the round of 16 as group winners.

[80] On 13 January, Rade Krunić arrived at the club on loan from Milan with an option to buy until the end of the season.

[84] On 17 January, four goals from Michy Batshuayi and one each from Lincoln and Mert Hakan Yandaş helped Fenerbahçe win 6–0 against Adanaspor in the Turkish Cup and progress to the round of 16.

[85] On 21 January, Fenerbahçe took on Samsunspor, but was unable to take three points, as İrfan Kahveci's goal gave his team a 1–1 draw.

[90] On 31 January, Miguel Crespo was loaned to Spanish side Rayo Vallecano with an option to buy until the end of the season.

[95] On 8 February, Lincoln was loaned to Brazilian side Red Bull Bragantino with an option to buy until the end of the season.

[98] On 17 February, Fenerbahçe defeated Çaykur Rizespor 3–1 away with goals from Serdar Dursun, Edin Džeko and İrfan Kahveci.

[99] On 24 February, Kartal's team managed to beat Kasımpaşa 2–1 at home, as Mert Hakan Yandaş and Michy Batshuayi got on the scoresheet.

[102] On 7 March, Michy Batshuayi, Jayden Oosterwolde and Dušan Tadić's goals were enough to beat Europa Conference League round of 16 opponents Union Saint-Gilloise 3–0 in the first leg.

[103] On 10 March, Fener's game at the Saracoğlu ended in a 4–1 victory over Pendikspor, as Mert Hakan Yandaş, Michy Batshuayi, Ferdi Kadıoğlu and İrfan Kahveci got on the scoresheet.

[106] On 3 April, Fenerbahçe defeated Adana Demirspor 4–2 at home with goals from Alexander Djiku, Edin Džeko, Dušan Tadić and Serdar Dursun.

[109] On 14 April, Fenerbahçe beat Fatih Karagümrük 2–1 away, with a goal from Edin Džeko and a late winner by Michy Batshuayi.

Edin Džeko, Sebastian Szymański, Dušan Tadić, Bright Osayi-Samuel, Serdar Dursun and Joshua King scored the goals.