Kallas then formed a government with Isamaa and the Social Democratic Party and remained in the position of prime minister.

In January 2023, the National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates had registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election.

During the campaign period, issues discussed most extensively regarded the Estonian economy, and the country's national defence and security due to the current Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Reform successfully negotiated afterward with the Social Democratic Party and Estonia 200, forming a government headed by Kallas in April.

[1] Kersti Kaljulaid, then-president of Estonia, gave a mandate to Kallas to form a government after the election.

[9] In response, Ratas resigned as prime minister of Estonia, while Kallas was invited to form a government.

[13][14] The Riigikogu is made up of 101 seats and its representatives are elected by open list proportional representation in twelve multi-member constituencies.

[16][17] In November 2022, Alar Karis, the president of Estonia, signed the election decree, setting the date for 5 March 2023.

The Estonian National Electoral Committee announced that nine political parties and ten individual candidates registered to take part in the 2023 parliamentary election.

[31][32] Eesti Rahvusringhääling also asserted that the programmes of the contesting parties were largely influenced by the current war in Ukraine.

[33] Ellu Saar, a sociology professor, and Triin Lauri, an associate professor at Tallinn University, said that in the programmes of EKRE and Isamaa stated their support to protect the Estonian language in higher education, while Estonia 200 and SDE mention united schools where native Estonian-speaking and Russian-speaking students would study together.

[34] The Estonian Greens and SDE also mentioned school culture, quality of management, reducing path dependence as issues they would tackle.

[41] The Centre Party stated its support for the introduction of progressive taxation, while SDE and the Greens had adopted similar positions.

[65] The National Electoral Committee had announced that 47.3% of voters cast their ballot during the pre-election period, which began on 27 February and ended before 5 March, a majority of whom voted online.

[78][79] On 9 March 2023, EKRE made an appeal to the Supreme Court of Estonia, requesting the results to be annulled and claiming that "several anomalies and technical errors in the e-voting process had been observed".

[45][78][85] A day after the election, Kallas said "that it is clear that voters expect to see Estonia 200 in the government", while she also said that there are four possible coalitions for the Reform Party to form.