It was originally developed in the 1960s to provide divisional artillery support using tactical nuclear weapons but gradually modified for conventional use.

When the main engine section ignites, the verniers activate to start spinning the rocket, to improve stability and accuracy.

This new variant allows for switching warhead sections and the addition of air brakes at the rear of the rocket, lowering the minimum range to 15 km (9.3 mi).

[3] In addition to its inaccuracy, the fact that the rocket was exposed to the weather was another drawback to the system, particularly when equipped with temperature-sensitive nuclear ordnance.

The headquarters included a 9S445M command vehicle: a GAZ-66 truck with attached shelter containing fire control computer, radios and telephones.

[6] In 1985, the Soviet Army started deploying Frog-7B systems armed with high explosive and cluster warheads against villages as part of an effort to deny food supplies for the Afghan mujahideen.

These unintended attacks on civilians gave Israel an excuse to launch a sustained air campaign inside Syria itself.

[10] After the war with Iran, Iraq modified its remaining stock of 9M21s by extending their range to 100 kilometres, improving their precision by installing a gyroscope, and fitting submunition-carrying warheads, under a project code-named al-Laith.

[19] Between April and October 1992, Bosnian Serb forces fired 14 Frog-7 rockets at the Croatian city of Slavonski Brod, during Operation Corridor 92.

[20] RAF jets targeted and destroyed Frog-7 launchers operated by pro-Gaddafi forces south of Sirte, in the 2011 Libyan civil war.