[1] He belonged to the abnāʾ al-dawla and his family was of Iranian origin.
Sources for his life include al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī's Taʾrīkh Baghdād, Ibn al-Samʿānī's Ansāb and al-Dhahabī's Siyar.
[1] Al-Khāqānī wrote the earliest work on tajwīd, the proper Arabic pronunciation for reciting the Qurʾān.
[3][5] As the word tajwīd was not yet in use, he refers to ḥusn al-adāʾ (pleasant pronunciation).
[4] In the 11th century, Abū ʿAmr al-Dānī wrote a commentary on it, the Sharḥ al-Qaṣīda al-Khāqāniyya.