[3][4] During the Byzantine period, Aboud likely housed a significant Christian community,[5] with the early architectural elements of St. Mary Church indicating construction from that era.

[6] Despite Arabization during the early Muslim period, the community retained the Aramaic language for ceremonial and liturgical purposes.

[10] There is archeological evidence that the village was inhabited during the Roman, Byzantine, Crusader, Ayyubid, Mamluk and Ottoman eras.

[11] Based on the findings in the nearby 'Abud Cave and in the adjacent necropolis of Mokata 'Abud, archaeologists believe 'Aboud was the site of a Jewish settlement during the late Second Temple period and up until the Bar Kokhba revolt.

[5] The earliest architectural parts of the St. Mary Church in Aboud indicate a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.

[12] In 1104, Mufarij ibn Abu al-Hayr al-Abudi, a monk from Aboud, copied Syriac manuscripts in the Saint Catherine's Monastery in Sinai.

"[15] At another point in the 13th century, an Aboud monk, Sarur ibn Abd al-Masih al-Abudi, was recorded as copying Syriac manuscripts in Cairo.

[11][19] In 1870 the French explorer Victor Guérin found that Aboud contained 800 inhabitants, half Greek Orthodox and half Muslims,[20] while an Ottoman village list of about the same year showed that Aboud had 225 Muslims with 69 houses, and 170 Greek Orthodox with 66 houses, though the population count included men only.

[34] In late July 2018, Israeli authorities informed village elders that they intended seizing a further 324 dunums (80 acres) of land shared by both Aboud and Al-Lubban al-Gharbi on grounds that the land was needed in order to construct an Israeli-only road between the settlements of Beit Arye and Ofarim.

The earliest remains, including two capitals and the semi-circular arches they support, suggests a fifth- to sixth-century construction date.

Artifacts from the Chalcolithic, Middle Bronze, and Iron Ages, as well as the Roman, Byzantine, and early Arab periods, have been discovered in it.

During the Bar Kokhba revolt, it served as a refuge cave for Jewish refugees who left there numerous objects, including oil lamps, glass and metal artifacts, and coins typical of the period.

[3][4] Based on the findings from the cave along with the nearby Mokata 'Abud tombs, archaeologists believe that 'Aboud was a Jewish village during the early Roman period.

The evidence from the cave suggests that during the Bar Kokhba revolt, tens, possibly even hundreds, of the villagers temporarily took refuge inside.

The absence of human remains may suggest that those who sought refuge there managed to escape unhurt, but it could also be a hint of antiquities' robbery, later activity in the cave (such as the return of Jews to bury their brethren), or the archeological's survey's limitations.

[4] Mokata 'Abud,[41] an archeological site located on the northwestern outskirts of the village, contains a necropolis believed to date back to the first century CE.

The necropolis features a two-chamber tomb with loculi along with an elaborate portico adorned with wreaths, rosettes, and grapes, similar to those found in Jerusalem and in other locations in West Samaria.

[48] Located on a hill due west of the village, the Church of Saint Barbara was erected in the Byzantine period.

On 5 June 1873, SWP visited and made a description: "A small ruined chapel; still a place of pilgrimage for Christians.

[40] Under Fatimid rule, in 1030, a Christian monk named Elias from Aboud copied Syriac manuscripts in Antioch.

[13] The site of Mar Elia has been identified 1.5 km south-east of the village, and it is assumed that monastery excised into the twelfth century.