[citation needed] Per Umbrach and Porter (2002), several aspects of academic departments can affect the performance of students within them.
Higher proportions of female undergrads, as well as deeper focuses on research (as measured by grant money per full-time employee) tend to increase student satisfaction with their majors.
[3]: 226 The two variables also tend to increase students' perception of how much their skills developed overall.
Intellectually, only grant money appears to substantially increase skill development.
[citation needed] Some institutions without conventional academic departments include the University of Wisconsin at Green Bay, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and the Evergreen State College.