Even since France had lost its colonies in Canada in the Seven Years' War, it had been seeking opportunities to tip the balance of power in America in its favour, and had been in contact with American separatists since the 1770s.

When he returned to France, Louis XVI received him and sent back as an emissary to George Washington on Hermione in March 1780.

On 11 June 1780, the French reinforced their naval presence with the arrival of the Expédition Particulière, under Admiral Ternay.

In June 1781 Hermione was attached to a frigate division under Lapérouse, recently promoted to Captain after capturing HMS Ariel, with his flag on Astrée.

The convoy, which consisted of 18 merchant vessels, including nine colliers and four supply ships, was bound for Spanish River on Cape Breton Island to pick up coal for delivery to Halifax.

Five of the British warships, Charlestown, Allegiance, Vernon, Vulture and Jack, formed a line of battle.

[5] Lapérouse maneuvered to try to prevent the convoy from escaping, and it was not until 1830 that Astrée came in cannon range and opened fire.

[8] While the British escort was severely damaged, the convoy was still able to pick up a load of coal at Spanish River and deliver it to Halifax.

[12][13]) Lapérouse and Latouche were at first irritated by Charleston's escape, but expressed regrets when they learnt that Evans had died of his wound.