A minister of information and documentation in the Polish government-in-exile in London, he upheld for the rest of his life its legal continuity in the struggle for the restoration of Poland as a sovereign state.

After home education in Warsaw, he was sent as a boarder to the prestigious St Anne's Academy in Kraków, where Jozef Retinger would have been a younger contemporary and where he joined the left leaning youth organisation, "Promień".

He graduated from high school in 1904 and went on to the Jagiellonian University Medical College and joined the socialist "Spójna" group.

Having obtained a basic medical degree to satisfy his parents, he switched to his abiding interest, political economy, and obtained his PhD at Zurich University in 1910, with a thesis in German, Die Produktivgenossenschaften der schweizerischen Arbeiter (Manufacturing Cooperatives run by Swiss Workers).

In 1914, he gave the first critique in the Polish language of Rosa Luxemburg's The Accumulation of Capital, published in the periodical Ekonomista.

In 1930, he was arrested along with a dozen other socialist leaders and held at the Brest Fortress, as part of the Sanation government's manoeuvre to clamp down on the opposition under accusations of an attempted coup.

On the termination of President August Zaleski's term of office, he sided with him in opposition to the Rada Trzech (Council of Three) and remained loyal to him to the end, in spite of their fundamental political differences.

He was a regular contributor to Mieczysław Grydzewski's London-based weekly, Wiadomości (political and literary newspaper), where, together with his new life partner, art historian Stefania Zahorska, they edited the Puszka (Pandora's Box) section given over to commentary on world affairs.