The island is located in Baffin Bay off the northeastern coast of Baffin Island in the Arctic Archipelago.

Nearby are Dexterity Island (northeast), Dexterity Fiord and Baffin Island (east), Tromso Fiord (south), Paterson Inlet (west), Bergesen Island (northwest), and Isbjorn Strait (north).

[2] Adams Island is irregularly shaped, its eastern and western sides split by the Ratcliffe Arm.

Coastlines slope sharply while the interior mountains are over 800 m (2,600 ft) in height.

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