Adaptive coding refers to variants of entropy encoding methods of lossless data compression.
This general statement is a bit misleading as general data compression algorithms would include the popular LZW and LZ77 algorithms, which are hardly comparable to compression techniques typically called adaptive.
A lot of other methods adapt their model to the current file and need to transmit it in addition to the encoded data, because both the encoder and the decoder need to use the model.
In adaptive coding, the encoder and decoder are instead equipped with a predefined meta-model about how they will alter their models in response to the actual content of the data, and otherwise start with a blank slate, meaning that no initial model needs to be transmitted.
It is assumed that the number of damaged, but unrecoverable images from the Cassini mission is about 0.01% or less.