Research by Patrice Cressier[3] provides insight into the architectural and cultural significance of four mosques in the Adrar des Ifoghas, north of Gao and Agadez.

Another notable mosque in the town of In-Teduq, founded around 1430 by ʿUthman al-Mawhub bin Iflawas, had a central structure divided into three aisles aligned with the qibla.

Similarly, the mosque of Shi-n Wasagharan, characterised by two aisles parallel to the Qibla, dates from the sixteenth century, based on epigraphic evidence from nearby necropolises.

Cressier suggested that the meticulous spatial organisation of these mosques, structured along an east-west axis and often integrated into sacred oval enclosures, reflected a sense of divine harmony influenced by Sufism.

In addition, scholars from Tadmekka established hermitages in Air in the late fifteenth century, which probably contributed to the unique religious architecture of the region.