African immigration to Europe
The Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was born in Leptis Magna in North Africa, in what is now modern-day Tripolitania, Libya.
[1][2] Six White British men with the same very rare surname have been found to have a Y-chromosome haplogroup originating from a Sub-Saharan African male, likely dating to the 16th century or later.
[8] Spain and Italy imposed visa requirements on migrants from the Maghreb in the early 1990s, and the result was an increase in illegal migration across the Mediterranean.
Migration from Africa to Europe, he argues, "is fuelled by a structural demand for cheap migrant labour in informal sectors".
Undocumented migration to Europe often occurs by boat via the Mediterranean Sea, or in some cases by land at the Spanish Enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla, and has made international headlines.
Faced with increased exclusion by European migration policies, many African migrants are left with no option than to enter and reside illegally.
As Apostolos Andrikopoulos wrote, in this context of increased hostility and legal exclusion, many African migrants "turn to kinship in search of security, stability, and predictability".
Some other European governments, including Britain's, argued that the operations such as Mare Nostrum and Triton serve to provide an "unintended pull factor" encouraging further migration.
[22] Critics of European policy towards illegal migration in the Mediterranean argue that the cancellation of Operation Mare Nostrum failed to deter migrants and that its replacement with Triton "created the conditions for the higher death toll".
Some countries, such as Spain and Malta, have called for other EU member states to share the responsibility of dealing with migration flows from Africa.
[28] Other states, such as France under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy, have adopted more restrictive policies, and tried to offer incentives for migrants to return to Africa.
[8] Dirk Kohnert argues that EU countries' policies on migration from Africa are focused mainly on security and the closing of borders.
[10] Julien Brachet argues that while "irregular migration from sub-Saharan Africa to Europe is very limited in absolute and relative numbers", "none" of the European migration policies implemented in northern and western Africa "has ever led to a real and sustainable decrease in the number of migrants" travelling towards Europe, but they have "directly fostered the clandestine transport of migrants".
Stuttgart, The rate of immigration is projected to continue to increase in the coming decades, according to Sir Paul Collier, a development economist.
