An applicant for an ATPL must already hold a CPL, a multi-engine instrument rating, and a multi-crew cooperation certificate.
[2] Alternatively, in EASA states and the United Kingdom, the applicant may only hold a Multi-Pilot License (MPL).
ATPL holders who previously held an MPL are restricted to multi-pilot operations unless they complete a CPL skill test and other requirements.
Time as pilot of helicopters, sailplanes and touring motor gliders may be partially cross-credited.
[4]: FCL.510.H The applicant must pass a skill test, demonstrating their ability to perform procedures and manoeuvres, as PIC of a multi-pilot airplane under IFR.
[4]: FCL.065 The EASA ATPL requires candidates to pass 14 separate theoretical exams, with a six-month residential or twelve-month distance-learning course mandatory during this phase.
[citation needed] In EASA states[6] and the United Kingdom,[2] the 13 theoretical subjects included in the examination of ATPL applicants are:
Applicants with military or university flying training can apply for a restricted airline transport pilot certificate (R-ATP) with a reduced number of hours.