Al-Muzaffar III Mahmud

Hama was at this time was ruled by a line of Kurdish Muslim princes from the Ayyubid dynasty and was also a tributary emirate of the Mamluk Sultanate.

Al-Muzaffar took part in the siege of Acre in 1291, bringing a large mangonel from Krak des Chevaliers to support the assault on the city.

Unlike Saladin at Jerusalem in 1187, Al-Muzaffar did not keep his word to protect his captives at Acre in 1291.

According to al-Maqrizi, Al-Muzaffar "had sworn to the people of the citadel with strong oaths and on the Qur’an and divorcing (his wives).

"[2] According to al-Maqrizi: The emir was violent, powerful, awe-inspiring and liable to attack suddenly… When he rode, the troops use to walk behind him as if they were between two threads, out of fear they would trample over crops, and nobody out of fear dared to trample on a single stem (of them) nor march his horse on them… If anyone transgressed, he was crucified.