Serebryakov came to the attention of directors Valery Uskov and Vladimir Krasnopolsky, who were responsible for casting the Soviet television series Eternal Call.

After graduating from the Russian Institute of Theatre Arts, Serebryakov starred in several films, including Silent Outpost (1986) and Accused of the Wedding (1986), and some others.

He gained wide popularity due to his main character as a criminal fighter in Vladimir Feoktistov's movie Fan (1989).

Concurrently, he starred in the movies "Antikiller 2: Antiterror" and "Escape" by Yegor Konchalovsky, Dead Man's Bluff by Aleksei Balabanov, The 9th Company and Dark Planet by Fyodor Bondarchuk, Vadim Shmelev's The Apocalypse Code, Gloss by Andrei Konchalovsky, "Golden Section" by Sergei Debizhev, Once Upon a Time There Lived a Simple Woman by Andrei Smirnov, "Solo on the Saxophone" by Alexander Kirienko and the fantasy-anthology film Fairytale.Is.

Serebryakov appeared in the 2018 BBC series McMafia, where he played Dimitri Godman, mafia boss father of protagonist Alex.

In 2018, Serebryakov became embroiled in controversy over his statement in an interview that the most common traits of Russian people are "[brutal] force, rudeness and arrogance".