The administrative center of the district is the town of Alexeyevka, which occupies 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) in the north-central region of the district (of which the town itself is not part).

The terrain is steppe and hilly plain; the district lies on the southeast edge of the Central Russian Upland.

Because it is in Central Black Earth area, Alexeyevsky has soil and climate suited to agriculture.

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Alexeyevsky District is one of the twenty-one in the oblast.

[1] As a municipal division, the district is incorporated as Alexeyevsky Municipal District, with the town of oblast significance of Alexeyevka being incorporated within it as Alexeyevka Urban Settlement.