[8] This appendage acts as a lever arm and is commonly used as a tool to fight other males for access to territory and females.

[10] Males with proportionally large horns compared to their body size possess larger wings to compensate.

[10] A. dichotoma can be found widely distributed throughout Asia, including China, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos, India, Thailand, and the Korean Peninsula.

[2] Across populations and regions, male beetles can vary greatly in size and horn performance, and it is suggested that differences are due to relative intensities of selection.

Adult A. dichotoma takes advantage of the easily accessible food and consume the exposed tree sap.

[12] This variety of Japanese rhinoceros beetle does not require other insects to breach the tough arboreal exterior to access sap.

[12] For a short time, sap flows out of the newly made wound, and the Japanese rhinoceros beetle can feed.

[12] Female A. dichotoma beetles oviposit by scattering their eggs in the humus portion of soil during July and September.

[16] The specific variant of doublesex implicated in the Japanese rhinoceros beetle is known as Td-dsx which stands for T. dichotomus dsx homologue.

Td-dsx expression at the horn-forming area of the head increases during the prepupal stage, resulting in horn development in male A.

It is thought that cell division and internal pressure are contributing factors to the alterations of epithelial layers after ecdysis.

[20] Similarly to male A. dichotoma, smaller females developed a sneaky, non-confrontational strategy to gain access to resources and reproduce.

[22] It was discovered that sexually-selected traits impose an increased risk of predation on male Japanese rhinoceros beetles while larger individuals of both sexes.

[22] The prominent horn on the males makes this species a popular model organism for the study of sexual dimorphic traits.

[6] Body size and horn length are both important factors in determining the winner when male A. dichotoma fight.

[23] A large horn is useful for fighting but acts as a hindrance when the beetle digs into nearby litter to hide during the day.

The large horn has shown to reduce the efficiency of this digging behavior, which leaves the beetle vulnerable to predators.

Larger horns also impair flight, making it more difficult for Japanese rhinoceros beetles to move closer to potential mates.

If the larval period is extended for too long, the beetle can miss its breeding window, which would severely harm its individual fitness.

The Japanese rhinoceros beetle can also be bred using a soil-free apparatus which allows for non-invasive and uninterrupted monitoring of growth and development.

A. dichotoma has proven to be a useful model organism for research in fields including drug discovery, ethology, behavioral ecology, and evolutionary developmental biology.

[2] To the surprise of many researchers, compounds found in the extracts of A. dichotoma larvae have proven to exhibit anti-obesity effects as well as antibiotic properties.

The study implies that Japanese rhinoceros beetle larvae could function as a potential food source to counteract obesity.

A. d. coleoptericin A and B demonstrate significant activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a notoriously difficult strain of bacteria to treat with antibiotics.

Researchers were interested in investigating the potential health benefits associated with these larvae and found that A. dichotoma extract contains moderate antioxidant properties.

[27] Compounds found in the larvae extract are capable of scavenging for free oxygen radicals and prevent harmful oxidation in the body.

The demand for natural substances that can reduce biological toxicity and food deterioration has risen due to synthetic alternatives causing harm to humans.

Substances found in the hemolymph of A. dichotoma have been shown to exhibit anti-prion activity once they are browned or heated for an extended period of time.

This compound in the hemolymph of A. dichotoma demonstrates strain-dependent anti-prion activity, as it only reduces prion formation in RML prion-infected cells.

[29] Japanese rhinoceros beetles has been referenced in popular role-playing games like Dragon Quest, which includes three monsters that resemble A. dichotoma.