[2] France and the Holy Roman Empire competed to gain control of Savoy's strategically important Alpine mountain passes and trade routes.

[4] The Castle of Moncalleri in Piedmont, Italy had been built around 1100 as a hill fortress, to command the main southern access from Turin.

[6] Amadeus IX had ten children with Yolande of Valois: His daughter Louise became a nun of the Franciscan Second Order after being widowed at a young age.

[7] 1612 saw the publication in Turin of a brief text extolling Amadeus, by Girolamo Cordieri, canon of the cathedral chapter of Mondovi.

[7] Presented as a holy prince known for his charity and concern for the poor, Amadeus IX was beatified on 3 March 1677 by Pope Innocent XI.