Amsar

Amṣar (Arabic: أمصار), refer to civilised cities and large areas in which houses, markets, schools and other public facilities are located.

In particular, this happened in the case of the Iraqi cities of Kufa and Basra, which became known as "al-miṣrān" ("the [two] forts"), but also with Fustat and Kairouan in North Africa.

[6] Due to instruction from caliph Umar, Arfaja Al-Bariqi set up a garrison (Amsar) in Mosul,[7] and was appointed Wali (governor) there,[8][9] particularly managing the revenue.

[12] Arfajah and Utbah then founded the Amsar(garrison city) which named as Basra, where the military encampment in the location gradually supported with further permanent structures and growing into large settlement,[13] The Amsar built by Arfajah has feature of seven tribal complexes which can fit the 700 garrison troops,[14] and built houses of mud bricks, plaster and mud to replace the camps.

[16] Arfajah then designed seven dams of adobe in Basra, two in the settlement of Al-Khuraybah, one in az-Zabuqah, two in Banu Tamim, and the last two in al-Azd tribe settlement[17] Another earliest Amsar built were Kufa which founded by Sa'd ibn Abi Waqqas, when he also instructed by caliph Umar to found new headquarters in Iraq for his army, so he moved towards a location that will known in the future as Kufa.