Anarchism in Mongolia

In March 1918, Tretyakov's detachment attempted to establish a soviet in Kyakhta, but conflict with the local population forced them to flee to Irkutsk, where they were captured, disarmed and arrested by Centrosibir.

[7][8] This led to many leftists, including anarchists, fleeing to Mongolia to escape the White Terror,[9] Nestor Kalandarishvili spearheaded the border crossing,[10] leading between 800[11] and 1,500 people[12][13] to the Mongolian village of Khatgal.

They remained for a few weeks, recruiting a number of Mongols during their stay, before crossing the border back into Buryatia at Sanaga to fight a guerilla war against the Russian State.

[10][13] Anarchists, Left SRs and Maximalists also made up part of the guerilla forces of Alexander Kravchenko and Pyotr Shchetinkin, which led the re-assertion of Soviet power over Tuva in 1919.

[14] Pavel Baltakhinov, a Buryat anarchist who had been agitating against the Russian State as part of an anarcho-communist group in Irkutsk, fled from the White Terror in early 1919 and went into hiding in Mongolia.

In February 1921, the Chinese occupation forces were ousted by the White general Roman von Ungern-Sternberg,[21] who restored Bogd Khan to the throne and led pogroms against Mongolian leftists and Jews.

[23] Repression followed the Soviet Union's annexation of Altai and Buryatia, leading many, including the Altaian anarchist Ivan Novosyolov, to flee first to Mongolia and then to China.

"[26] The People's Party denounced the union as anarchist rebels and the prime minister Dogsomyn Bodoo called for the implementation of extreme measures to suppress it.

He was replaced with Salchak Toka, a hardline Stalinist that ruled Tuva until his death in 1972, overseeing the Soviet annexation of the country during World War II.