It was bordered on the southeast by the Yalu River, which separated it from Korea.

The name of the province Antung in Chinese means "pacify the east" and was likely inspired by the Protectorate General to Pacify the East established during the Tang Dynasty.

After Manchukuo was annexed by the Republic of China, following the end of World War II, the Kuomintang reunited Antung and Tonghua, and continued to recognize the area as Antung Province.

The capital of Antung Province from 1934–1939 was Tonghua, in present-day Jilin.

However, after the administrative reorganization of 1939, the capital moved to Antung, an important border town between Manchukuo and Korea, and a major center on the railroad from Korea to Mukden.