17 October] 1908 – 5 March 1987) was a Soviet Russian biologist, botanist, taxonomist and phytogeographer, who was from 1970 a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR.

In 1945 he moved to Leningrad to work at the Komarov Botanical Institute where he spent the rest of his career.

In 1955 he was a signatory of the "Letter of three hundred", addressed to the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, which criticised the activities of Lysenko and made an overall assessment of the state of biology in the Soviet Union.

The letter was drafted by a large group of Soviet scientists and led eventually to the resignation of Lysenko as president of All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences.

Fedorov was a regional adviser for the Soviet Union on the international Flora Europaea project, published in five volumes in 1964–1980.