Anomocephaloidea is a clade of basal anomodont therapsids related to the dicynodonts known from what is now South Africa and Brazil during the Middle Permian.

Uniquely to anomocephaloids, though, the upper molariforms are in fact expanded palatal teeth from the roof of the mouth that occlude against the marginal dentition of the lower jaw.

The precise occlusion, heavy wear, and rapid tooth replacement of anomocephaloid teeth all suggests that they fed upon tough, high-fibre vegetation.

The molariform palatal teeth are broad, three times wider than long, and when worn have a saddle-shaped crown with a raised labial (outer) edge and a broader, lower lingual (inner) surface.

The only other teeth are a tiny, peg-like pre-caniniform in both species and the sabre-like caniniforms themselves of Tiarajudens at the end of the marginal tooth row.

[5] At the same time, anomocephaloids may also be characterised by a much larger coronoid process on the mandible than other anomodonts (only definitively known in Anomocephalus) which would have supported large and powerful jaw musculature.

[7][8] Two cladograms are shown below depicting the original phylogeny from Cisneros et al. (2011) (left) and that of Angielczyk & Kammerer (2017) (right), both simplified, highlighting the differing placement of Anomocephaloidea within anomodonts: Cisneros et al. (2011):[2] Biseridens Tiarajudens Anomocephalus Galechirus Otsheria Suminia Ulemica Patranomodon Galeops Dicynodontia Angielczyk and Kammerer (2017):[7] Biseridens Suminia Otsheria Ulemica Galepus Tiarajudens Anomocephalus Patranomodon Galechirus Galeops Dicynodontia Anomocephaloids demonstrate that early anomodonts, although rare, were experimenting with diverse morphologies and ecologies for herbivory distinct from those of the highly successful dicynodonts.