Anthony Colby (November 13, 1792 – July 20, 1873) was an American businessman and politician from New London, New Hampshire.

He owned and operated a grist mill and a stage line, and served as the 20th Governor of New Hampshire from 1846 to 1847.

His was educated locally and became a successful business owner and operator, with his ventures including a stagecoach line, gristmill, and factory for producing scythes.

He was also active in the militia, serving as an ensign during the War of 1812, and attaining the rank of major general in 1837.

Colby entered politics as a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives, serving from 1828 to 1832 and 1837 to 1839.