[9][10] According to Holly Burkhalter of Human Rights Watch, in a statement made in testimony before the Congress of the United States, "It is fair to say that the Mauritanian government practices undeclared apartheid and severely discriminates on the basis of race.
[12] Vukoni Lupa Lasaga has accused the Sudanese government of "deftly manipulat(ing) Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing against non-Arabs in Darfur.
[19] According to the Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights (EIPR), Black African immigrants to Egypt often face physical violence and verbal abuse at the hands of the general public and law enforcement officials.
Refugees from Sudan are especially targeted, with racial slurs like "oonga boonga" and "samara" (meaning "black") constituting the most typical insults.
The EIPR attributes the violence and abuse to both a lack of government efforts at disseminating information, raising awareness and dispelling myths with regard to the economic contributions made by the newcomers, and stereotyping on the part of the Egyptian media.
[16] As a remedy, the EIPR recommends that the Egyptian government "should intensify and accelerate efforts to combat racist xenophobic views towards migrant workers, especially those of Black African origin, and to promote awareness of their positive contribution to society.
The government should train all personnel working in the field of criminal justice and law enforcement officials in the spirit of respect for human rights and non-discrimination on ethnic or racial grounds.
"The Kurds, a non-Arab people whose language belongs to the Iranian group, have suffered from persecution under the Baath of Iraq and Syria, especially since the departure of British and French forces in the late 1940s."
[34] In Sudan, including the Nuba Mountains and the Blue Nile region, from 1955 to 2005, it is estimated that nearly 4 million black people were killed or ethnically cleansed.
During the Second Sudanese Civil War, about 2.5 million people were killed in attacks widely regarded as racially motivated against black indigenous Africans.
[43] Some of the persecuted victims of racism and discrimination in the Arab world include: Sub-Saharan Africans in Egypt,[44] including on Eritreans,[45] and oppressing Darfurian refugees,[46] Algeria, Mauritania – fighting off racist policies in these countries,[47][48][49] in Iraq where blacks face racism,[50][51] Kurds in Syria and in Iraq,[52][53][54][55] Copts,[56] it worsened under pan-Arabism by Nasser and with the empowerment of the Muslim Brotherhood.
[57][58][59] Al-Akhdam in Yemen,[60] as well as slaves who fight the stigma of their status as 'slaves' in impoverished Yemen,[61] Persians' historic struggle against the 'Arab supremacy,'[62] Berbers in North Africa (Moroccos, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya ),[63][64][65][66][67] South Asians and Southeast Asians (migrant workers and maids in the Gulf Arab nations),[68][69][70][71] Jews (see: Antisemitism in the Arab world, in a 2009 PEW poll, 90% of the Middle East were found to view Jews unfavorably).