The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Antananarivo is one of five Latin Metropolitan Archdioceses in Madagascar, yet depends on the missionary Roman Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples.

The archdiocese was, for many years, one of the bases for the spreading of Catholicism in Madagascar and the surrounding British and especially French Indian Ocean territories like Réunion, Comoros and others, which now form an Indian Ocean Episcopal Conference.

The suffragan dioceses and the bishops in the ecclesiastical province of Antananrivo headed by the Metropolitan Archbishop of Antananrivo are (2017): On 1896.01.16 it lost Malagassy (Malgache) territory to establish the then Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Madagascar and then Apostolic Vicariate of Southern Madagascar (now Metropolitan Archdioceses).

On 1959.05.21 it again lost Malagassy territory to establish the Diocese of Ambatondrazaka.

Until World War II its ordinaries were generally French missionaries of Latin congregations.