Architecture of Lebanon

It has been influenced by the Phoenicians, Romans, Byzantines, Umayyads, Crusaders, Mamluks, Ottomans and French [citation needed].

[4][5] The castle in Byblos, surrounded by a moat, was built by the Crusaders from indigenous limestone and the remains of Roman structures.

This castle's location falls on an island in the Lebanese city of Saida, it is about 80 meters from the beach, linked by bridge building on a rocky nine barrages.

[8] The toll road to Damascus was constructed in 1863, Orozdi Bek Department store in 1900, and the Arts and Crafts School in 1914.

Beirut is famous for a group of five columns that were discovered underground in the heart of the city in 1963, found to be a small part of a grand colonnade of Roman Berytus.

The Beit ed-Dine palace complex was built by Amir Bechir El-Chehab II in the early 19th century.

This area was originally used for cavalry practices and for celebrations, which were attended by the public, visitors and important people of that time.

It also contains a collection of Romanian gold jewelry, Islamic glazed wares, ethnographic objects, and ancient and modern weapons.

Lebanon and Beirut in particular has seen large scale developments in recent decades, especially after the civil war ended.

Maurice Hindieh designed the Ministry of Defense building (1965) and Andre Wogenscky Lebanese University (1960s).

Monastery of Unity in Yarze, School of Ain Najm, and SNA-Assurances headquarters (1970) in Beirut are other modernist examples.

International architecture firms have also played a role and 21st century projects include the New Beirut Souks by Rafael Moneo, Hariri Memorial Garden[13] and Zaitunay Bay.

[citation needed] Lebanese houses incorporated the rules of the Ottoman Empire and the exit of the French mandate.