The name of Aristocratic Republic (Spanish: República Aristocrática) is given to the period following the 1895 election of Nicolás de Piérola as President of Peru.

This was followed by the alliance between Nicolás de Piérola and the civilist oligarchy, who needed a figure with great popular support to be able to pacify the country.

The political consensus between the civilist and democratic parties represented the economic interests of the sugar planters of the coast, the industrialists, the merchants, the land-owning elites of the mountains and others.

The lack of imports due to the European crisis meant that investment was also made in the production of parts for the machinery of sugar mills and foundries.

At the tax level, he "eliminated" the Indigenous Tribute in order to leave the Departmental Boards that sympathised with Cáceres, his political enemy, without income.

In addition to this, Piérola continued with Cáceres' policy regarding the landowners of the regions of Peru, joining them to restore the hierarchical relations of authority that had been destroyed during the war and using repression and exclusion if the subordinate classes did not accept it.

The entry of American capital allowed the expansion of mining through the use of new technology, but left this area of the country backward because the profits from this exploitation went to the United States.

When the North Americans arrived, the profits did not return, but despite this there was enough money left to generate production and trade, leading to the creation of a new regional elite in central Peru, made up of miners, landowners and merchants.

Because landowners and businessmen sought to expand their lands to increase their crops, they kept an eye on the possessions of farmers and peasant communities.

The latter, which were already weakened by the war as their male population and the amount of crops were reduced, were easy prey for the usurpation of land by the landowners who resorted to coercive collections for debts or forced purchase.

The causes of violence began to germinate, as large estates are formed, directed by despotic landowners, and as a result of which many peasants are left without land.

On the other hand, on the northern coast, sugar was the first Peruvian export product since before the war, the entry of new investors allowed this industry to revive.

The main "rubber barons" were Carlos Fitzcarrald and Julio César Arana, who used the money from the profits in luxurious imports and to maintain their lifestyles.

This elite was made up of a circle of around 30 to 40 wealthy families called the "bourgeoisie" or "plutocracy", who gained control of the State and its resources and used them for their individual and class interests.

Firstly, this elite promoted exports but not industrialisation, and also operated in a rentier manner, finally joining the gamonales and foreign capitalists.

That is, they economically subordinated the country and put it at risk, by overspecialising in the production of goods for export controlled by the elite, and by depending excessively on capital and foreign markets.

With the start of the First World War, both imports and exports were affected, but once foreign demand restarted, it produced unexpected profits with the rise in product prices.

Due to the disturbances of the war, the uprising of Teodomiro Gutiérrez Cuevas occurred in the southern mountains of Peru, an anarchist who took the name Rumi Maqui, who tried to unite the indigenous people against the exploitation and abuses that the peasants received.

of the gamonales and, appealing to an ancestral and messianic image, tried to create certain legislative and educational reforms by electing representatives—who were not of peasant origin—in the towns of the area.

The labour and union movements were also encouraged by the Russian Revolution, which promised the emergence of a country where workers would be the masters of their destiny and where they would no longer be exploited.

One group prevalent in the country's aristocracy was known as the twenty-four friends (Spanish: Los veinticuatro amigos), whose members were affiliated with the Civilista Party.

The members of the club were:[3] Other characters that also would make up the select group were: The Aristocratic Republic covers the governments from 1895 to 1919, from the administration of Nicolás de Piérola to the second presidency of José Pardo y Barreda.

This would never come to fruition, due to a unilateral decision by Chile, which, starting in 1901, accentuated its heartless policy of Chileanisation in said Peruvian provinces.

[15] Other landmarks of Piérola's presidency were the reorganisation of the Peruvian Army, which was undertaken under the guidance of a French military mission hired for that purpose, chaired by Colonel Paul Clément.

He died 8 months after assuming his mandate, victim of an illness, being replaced by Vice President Serapio Calderón, who called elections.

Under his government, the following measures took place: Augusto B. Leguía was the official candidate for the presidency in 1908 and did not have any serious rivals, since Piérola, once again, abstained from presenting his candidacy.

The Chilean minister in Peru wanted to present a bronze crown during the inauguration of the Crypt of the Heroes, dedicated to the dead of the War of the Pacific.

The Peruvian Foreign Minister Melitón Porras Osores [es] rejected that offer, because in his opinion, it did not correspond to the true feelings of the Chilean government, which continued its policy of Chileanisation in Tacna and Arica.

Despite this achievement, the labour movement continued its fight, this time against the rising cost of living, being severely repressed by the government (as occurred with the great strike from May 27 to June 2, 1919).

On December 26, 1918, the Congress of Peru approved a law that authorised the State to submit the matter of La Brea y Pariñas to international arbitration.