It is said that they relied on reports and statistics they had compiled in a period of two months; on March 14, 1919, the results were made public by Djemal.

[5] The initial results apparently represented those who were "massacred" during the deportation, without any indication as to the total number of people who perished.

Mustafa Kemal, during a conversation with Major General Harbord, the chief of the American Military Mission to Armenia, in September 1919, repeated the same number.

[6] The figure of 800,000 excludes Armenian soldiers in the Ottoman army liquidated in the early stages of the genocide, as well as the number of women and male and female children assimilated into Turkish families.

German sources gave the highest estimates of Armenian losses during the war even though they were the Ottoman Empire's ally.

German major Endres, who served in the Turkish army, estimated the number of Armenian deaths as 1.2 million.

The Austrian consul at Trabzon and Samsun, Dr. Kwatkiowski on March 13, 1918, reported to Vienna, restricting himself to the six eastern provinces, Trabzon and Samsun district, that of the million deported, most died, while Austria-Hungary's Adrianople (Edirne) consul Dr. Nadamlenzki reported that for the entire Ottoman Empire 1.5 million had already been deported.

[14] Arnold J. Toynbee, an intelligence officer of the British Foreign Office during World War I, estimated a death toll of 600,000 from a population of 1,800,000 Armenians who lived in Anatolia[15] but excluded most of 1916 and the following years, as Robert Melson writes: The King Crane Commission estimated a million for wartime losses, but also stated that the Hamidian massacres had been included.

The Germans on the other hand, not presenting any numbers, have reported Russian Armenia condition, in what they considered as an Ottoman attempt to destroy it.

An American source states that when the Ottomans invaded Northern Iran between 1915 and 1918, which was historically part of the Kingdom of Armenia forming the provinces of Parskahayk and the eastern part of Vaspurakan, they killed about 80,000 Armenians, and when they invaded the Russian-controlled Transcaucasia between 1918 and 1923 they killed about 175,000 Armenians.

[1] Justin McCarthy's figures are often cited, particularly in works that support the Turkish government's claims that the Armenian massacres do not constitute genocide.

goes as far as comparing his methodology with Rassinier's method in calculating the European Jewry losses during World War II.

[32] In 1991, Levon Marashlian (arriving at a figure of 1.2 million) argued that McCarthy's approach suffers from a fatal methodological flaw: in basing his results on inaccurate records.

Marashlian maintains there was a reciprocal undercounting on the Ottoman's government's part on the one hand, and underreporting [clarification needed] by Armenians, on the other.