Arnulf of Orléans (12th century)

His lectures on Ovid, which made no effort to soften or obscure the poet's paganism, were criticized as un-Christian and corrupting to youth by Alexander of Villedieu.

In his commentaries on Ovid (Metamorphoses, Fasti, Ars amatoria) and Lucan, which circulated widely, he is sharply critical of his predecessors.

Likewise, he vaunted his own skills by facetiously deriving his name from the expression ardua nulla fugiens (flying from no difficulty).

In his Ars poetica, the name Rufinus and the Latin word rufus (redhead) are used throughout to insult Arnulf.

Matthew also makes lewd comments about Arnulf's wife or mistress, called Rufa and Thais.