[6] In 2006, he first played for the first team in a Russian Cup match against FC Ural, replacing Roman Pavlyuchenko in the 85th minute.

[10][9] In the 2015–16 UEFA Champions League, Dzyuba managed to score a total of six goals in five consecutive matches.

[12] He became the joint top scorer of the 2019–20 Russian Premier League with 17 goals, tied with his teammate Sardar Azmoun.

[15] On 7 August 2020, he scored the first goal in a 2–1 victory over Lokomotiv Moscow to win the 2020 Russian Super Cup.

[16] On 2 May 2021, he scored twice as Zenit secured their third title in a row in a 6–1 victory over second-place FC Lokomotiv Moscow.

[21] In July 2022, Dzyuba began training with FC Rubin Kazan to maintain fitness.

On 18 August 2022, Turkish Süper Lig team Adana Demirspor announced the signing of Artem Dzyuba.

[23] On 8 February 2023, Artem Dzyuba signed a contract with Lokomotiv Moscow until the end of the 2022–23 season.

[24] On the same day, Lokomotiv signed Igor Smolnikov,[25] who at that point played over 100 games as Dzyuba's teammate at Zenit and the national team.

[28] On 12 September 2024, Dzyuba signed a contract for the 2024–25 season with Russian Premier League newcomers Akron Tolyatti.

[29] On 7 December 2024, Dzyuba scored the winning goal in Akron's away 2–1 victory over his former club and the defending champions, Zenit St.

In the match against Spain in the Round of 16 on 1 July, he converted a penalty minutes before half-time, making the score 1–1.

[52][54] In March 2023, Dzyuba was added to Myrotvorets' list of people who are considered, by the authors of the website, to be "enemies of Ukraine".