Arthur Barclay Chapman (28 October 1908 – 29 December 2004) was the University of Wisconsin–Madison's "most accomplished animal genetic researcher.
Following graduation, Iowa State University appointed him a teaching fellow under the supervision of Jay L. Lush, earning his Master of Science degree in 1931.
During this period, he became particularly interested Sewall Wright's approaches to quantitative animal breeding and population genetics.
His interests in selection theory and inbreeding were increased with Sir Ronald Fisher's visit to Iowa State during the summer of 1931.
In his research, Chapman was closely associated with that of his colleague Lester Earl Casida, a reproductive physiologist.
Chapman was active in a large number of professional organizations, most importantly the American Society of Animal Science, starting with that society's journal, the Journal of Animal Science, of which he served as associate editor in 1958-1960 and editor, 1961–1963.
Chapman published some 125 scientific papers during his career, almost all coauthored with graduate students and colleagues at the University of Wisconsin.