Articulatory synthesis

The Directions Into Velocities of Articulators (DIVA) model, a feedforward control approach which takes the neural computations underlying speech production into consideration, was developed by Frank H. Guenther at Boston University.

The ArtiSynth project,[6] headed by Sidney Fels [4] at the University of British Columbia, is a 3D biomechanical modeling toolkit for the human vocal tract and upper airway.

Biomechanical modeling of articulators such as the tongue has been pioneered by a number of scientists, including Reiner Wilhelms-Tricarico [5], Yohan Payan [6] and Jean-Michel Gerard [7], Jianwu Dang and Kiyoshi Honda [8].

Following the demise of the various incarnations of NeXT (started by Steve Jobs in the late 1980s and merged with Apple Computer in 1997), the Trillium software was published under a GNU General Public Licence, with work continuing as gnuspeech.

The system, first marketed in 1994, provides full articulatory-based text-to-speech conversion using a waveguide or transmission-line analog of the human oral and nasal tracts controlled by Rene Carré's "distinctive region model".

3D vocal tract model for Articulatory synthesis Based on Consonant-Vowel Coarticulation modeling, German sentence " Lea und Doreen mögen Bananen. " was reproduced from a naturally spoken sentence in terms of the fundamental frequency and the phone durations. ^{[

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