AIU has cited a preference for testing by private labs over national organizations due to potential bias in favor of athletes.
Use of substances on the WADA Prohibited List without a Therapeutic Use Exemption, abnormalities in the Athlete Biological Passport, whereabouts failures, test tampering, and other doping rules violations may result in disciplinary measures.
However, World Athletics' 2023 appeals to CAS arguing that Tobi Amusan and Norah Jeruto committed anti-doping violations were dismissed.
[14] AIU categorizes national athletics federations into three groups based on doping risk and athlete success at the international level, with Category A reflecting the highest combined doping risk and success and Category C reflecting the lowest.
As of 2024, Category A includes the national athletics federations of Belarus, Bahrain, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Russia, and Ukraine.