Nearly 4 km (2.4 mi) the Allgäu Road which connected Augsburg with Kempten im Allgäu before crossing the Alps ran through the district, taking the path of the current day streets of Roman Way and Göggingen Street, a milestone can be found just to the south of the district border in Inningen.
After the end of the Roman Empire, the area was settled by the Allamanni tribes, and the first historical mention of Göggingen is a reference to "Geginga" in the annals of Ulrich of Augsburg in 969.
Because of the early orthopedic techniques of Friedrich Hessing, Göggingen's reputation was changed from that of a mere suburb of Augsburg to a regional center of medicine; the medical supplies factory in the district was the biggest employer in the area until the 1970s.
In 1954 Göggingen became a major sponsorship center for German citizens of Nejdek, Czechoslovakia, who were expelled by the Beneš decrees issued by the Czech Parliament in exile after World War II.
The rest of the district, along with the neighboring (and then independent) cities of Haunstetten, Bergheim, and Inningen were annexed to Augsburg during the comprehensive Bavarian civic division reform of 1972.