Gauda was once the “capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as Pundravardhana which lay on the eastern extremity of the Gupta Empire.” During the rule of the Sena Dynasty, in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire.

During the Turko-Afghan period, “the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the Ilyas Shahi sultans in favour of Pandua because of major disturbances along the river course of the Ganga.” “Pandua then lay on the banks of the Mahananda, which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time.

However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the Hussain Shahi sultans”… With the ascent of Akbar to the Mughal throne at Delhi… the Mughals annexed the ancient region of Gauda in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal.

[1] With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focused on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar.

With the partition of Bengal in 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.

“This region is made up of the ancient alluvial humps that are remnants of old riverine flood plains that remained unaffected subsequently by inundation and renewed silting.” It forms an upland slightly higher than the surrounding areas.

Barind soils permit little percolation and most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bils (ponds) in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangon and Punarbhaba rivers, covering the lowlands.

CD Blocks on the border are Bamangola, Habibpur, Old Malda, English Bazar and Kaliachak-III.

[12] Other villages in Bamangola CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Jagdala (1,072), Chandpur (1,193), Gopalpur (878) and Mahespur (742).

However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district.

[31] As per the Human Development Report for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in BPL category in Bamangola CD Block was 49.9%.

Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.

[32] According to the report, “An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of ceiling-surplus land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of rural poverty that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… “[32] Livelihoodin Bamangola CD Block In Bamangola CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 19,189 and formed 31.34%, agricultural labourers numbered 30,283 and formed 49.45%, household industry workers numbered 1,583 and formed 2.59% and other workers numbered 10,181 and formed 16.63%.

It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.

140 villages (99.29%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones).

[36] The upland regions in the Barind area are mono-cropped because of limitations regarding the use of tube wells here.

[37] Bamangola CD Block had 110 fertiliser depots, 7 seed stores and 32 fair price shops in 2013-14.

The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development.

[41] In 2014, Bamangola CD block had 1 rural hospital and 2 primary health centres, with total 40 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies).