The Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR) (Thai: กรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล; RTGS: krung thep maha nakhon lae parimonthon; lit.

The countryside between once independent towns and the capital became ever more filled in, with the advent and expansion of urban rail transit, as well as cheap credit enabling automobile adoption by the working class.

Central areas like Yaowarat, Siam, Sukhumvit, and Sathorn have seen skyrocketing land speculation as foreign investors are allowed to own condominiums, giving rise to Manhattanization.

the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration has sought to tackle rising problems of commute times, pollution, and deteriorating air quality.

Sources: For FY 2022, Bangkok Metropolitan Region had a combined economic output of 8.1 trillion baht (US$231 billion), or around half of Thailand's GDP.

[15] To alleviate the ensuing congestion, massive railway development is ongoing, but its construction is causing large scale disturbance to major thoroughfares.