Barbonymus is a ray-finned fish genus in the family Cyprinidae, containing some barb species.

The new genus was established in recognition of the fact that some large Asian "barbs", formerly rather indiscriminately lumped in Barbus (typical barbels and relatives), Barbodes (barb-like carps) and Puntius (spotted barbs), form a distinct evolutionary lineage.

Even though only five species are included at present, it is not certain whether these form a monophyletic lineage; the Java barb (B. gonionotus) for example seems to be very close indeed to Cyclocheilichthys, which unites a number of barb-like "carps".

Past hybridization is known widely in Cyprinidae, and confounds molecular and other cladistic studies relying on a single source of data.

Altogether the delimitation of the typical carps and allied genera remains still not fully solved.