[citation needed] Human PTRF mutations may cause secondary deficiency of caveolins, resulting in generalized lipodystrophy in association with in muscular dystrophy.
A laboratory workup is needed primarily to investigate for the presence of associated disorders (metabolic, autoimmune, and renal diseases).
[9] Laboratory work for associated diseases includes:[citation needed] As a confirmatory test, whole-body MRI usually clearly demonstrates the extent of lipodystrophy.
[citation needed] The adipose stores of the gluteal regions and lower extremities (including soles) tend to be either preserved or increased, particularly among women.
[citation needed] In general, treatment for acquired partial lipodystrophy is limited to cosmetic, dietary, or medical options.
The use of small, frequent feedings and partial substitution of medium-chain triglycerides for polyunsaturated fats appears to be beneficial.
[citation needed] Plastic surgery with implants of monolithic silicon rubber for correction of the deficient soft tissue of the face has been shown to be effective.
They bind to peroxisome proliferator-activator receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), which stimulates the transcription of genes responsible for growth and differentiation of adipocytes.
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the presence of renal dysfunction largely determine the prognosis of acquired partial lipodystrophy.
The course of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in acquired partial lipodystrophy has not been significantly altered by treatment with corticosteroids or cytotoxic medications.
[citation needed] Associated autoimmune diseases (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, thyroiditis) contribute significantly to increased morbidity in these patients compared with the general population.