Battery electric vehicle

BEVs have no fuel tanks and replenish their energy storage by plugging into a charging station, electrical grid or getting a new battery at a battery swap station, and use motor controllers to modulate the output engine power and torque, thus eliminating the needed for clutches, transmissions and sophisticated engine cooling as seen in conventional ICE vehicles.

[3] Cumulative global sales of highway-capable light-duty pure electric car vehicles passed the one million unit milestone in September 2016.

PHEVs with a series powertrain are also called range-extended electric vehicles (REEVs), such as the Chevrolet Volt and Fisker Karma.

[10] However, in the United States, neighborhood electric vehicles (NEVs) are battery electric vehicles that are legally limited to roads with posted speed limits no higher than 45 miles per hour (72 km/h), are usually built to have a top speed of 30 miles per hour (48 km/h), and have a maximum loaded weight of 3,000 pounds (1,400 kg).

This is partially offset by higher conversion efficiency of electric motors – BEVs travel roughly 3x further than similar-size internal combustion vehicles per MJ of stored energy.

They are charged via pantographs, either when driving on electrified railway lines or during stops at specially equipped train stations.

[20] In the United States, the first battery-electric, fast-charge bus has been in operation in Pomona, California, since September 2010 at Foothill Transit.

The Tindo (aboriginal word for sun) is made by Designline International[26] in New Zealand and gets its electricity from a solar PV system on Adelaide's central bus station.

[37][38] Electric cars are having a major impact in the auto industry[39][40] given advantages in city pollution, less dependence on oil and combustion, and scarcity and expected rise in gasoline prices.

Racing generally takes place on temporary city-center street circuits which are approximately 2 to 3.4 kilometres (1.2 to 2.1 mi) long.

Currently, only the Mexico City ePrix takes place on a road course, a modified version of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez.

The large-scale adoption of electric two-wheelers can reduce traffic noise and road congestion but may necessitate adaptations of the existing urban infrastructure and safety regulations.

[49][50] Also from India, AVERA [51] – a new and renewable energy company is going to launch two models of electric scooters[52] at the end of 2018, with Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery technology.

More recent electric vehicles have made use of a variety of AC motor types, as these are simpler to build and have no brushes that can wear out.

In the European Union, in 2013, the carbon intensity had a strong geographic variability but in most of the member states, electric vehicles were "greener" than conventional ones.

[citation needed] Moreover, the de-carbonisation process is constantly reducing the GHG emissions due to the use of electric vehicles.

[67] The open source VencoPy model framework can be used to study the interactions between vehicles, owners, and the electricity system at large.

[72][73] Currently, sea mining projects are underway in areas such as the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the Pacific Ocean.

[71][72][73] Marine habitats and ecosystems are not only widely understudied, they are also extremely temperamental and even slight disturbances can be incredibly destructive.

[71][72][74] Deep sea mining affects the quality of the water through sediment plumes and the release of carbon dioxide trapped within ocean floors, directly endangering marine life in the area.

[71][72][74] Current research suggests that BEVs (battery electric vehicles) are the most efficient in reducing GHGs (greenhouse gases).

[75][76][77][78][79][80] However, adoption of BEVs has varied globally, with China and Europe leading the world in BEV diffusion (see also:Electric car use by country)[81][82][83][84][85] For other nations that have found diffusion more difficult, buyers generally express one or more of four main reasons for their hesitance in purchasing battery electric vehicles.

[101][102] The preamble for the Democratic platform states, “We're fighting climate change, reducing pollution, and fueling a clean energy boom.”[102] The preamble for the Republican platform states, “we must unleash American Energy…We will DRILL, BABY, DRILL and we will become Energy Independent, and even Dominant again.

Drilling projects operate around the clock generating pollution, fueling climate change, disrupting wildlife and damaging public lands that were set aside to benefit all people.”[103] A result of this political dichotomy, those who identify as members of the two main American parties will similarly have either a greater support or a greater opposition to such policies and, subsequently, of BEVs.

[93][97] Another important occurrence in recent years is the rise of right-wing populism within the Republican party under the leadership of Donald Trump.

[95][96][104] Trump and those within his party known as “MAGA-Republicans” have espoused greater skepticism of the effects of climate change and policies that aim to regulate industries such as that of fossil fuel.

[93][95][96][100][104] However, there are Republicans and other conservatives that are working towards changing these attitudes within party lines, which may allow for bipartisan cooperation in adopting cleaner energy technologies.

[75] Concerns from Japanese citizens are similar to those of the global public (i.e. infrastructure, price, grid capacity, performance, etc.

[75][105] This system creates a top-down (“vertical”), hierarchical division of labor that includes hundreds of smaller Japanese manufacturing companies.

[75][106] Automotive business leader, Akio Toyoda, chairman of Toyota stated recently that there are roughly 5.5 million jobs in jeopardy amidst the country's transition to EV and BEV technology.