Despite the successes of the Kuwaiti forces in repelling the attackers, the defenders faced severe difficulties due to a lack of water, making it hard to endure the siege.

[7] The Ikhwan, after their initial siege and failed assault on the Red Palace during the Battle of Jahra, attempted to negotiate with Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah to finalize the reconciliation process.

Simultaneously, Ibn Saud, the ruler of Najd, intervened by dispatching a delegation to Faisal al-Duwaiish, the leader of the Ikhwan, urging him to abandon his plans for another assault on Kuwait.

He facilitated a reconciliation between Sultan Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Najd and Sheikh Salim Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah of Kuwait, bringing an end to the tensions between the two sides.

The conflict originated from the territorial expansion of Najd, which had annexed much of the Arabian Peninsula, including most cities and towns in central Arabia, with the exception of the Emirate of Hail.

A critical turning point occurred in 1913, when Najd captured the Ottoman district of Al-Ahsa in eastern Arabia, bringing its borders into direct contact with Kuwait.

However, the expansion into Khor Bulbul raised concerns for Emir Abdulaziz Al Saud of Najd, who feared the new settlement might rival the nearby city of Jubail in terms of trade and pearl diving.

[15] In response, Abdulaziz escalated the issue by informing Major John More, the British political agent in Kuwait, of his objection, claiming that Khor Balbul was part of the Qatif region, which belonged to Najd.

In early 1920, members of the Ikhwan, a militant group primarily composed of the Mutair tribe, established a settlement around the wells in the village of Quraiya, claiming ownership of the land.

[18] Conversely, historian Ameen Rihani reported that upon reaching Hamdh, the Kuwaiti forces sent a menacing message to the Ikhwan in Quraiya, threatening them with death if they did not vacate the area.

Reports indicate that a disagreement over command arose between Dhari bin Tawalah and Sheikh Daej during their advance, leading to their retreat to Jahra without launching an attack.

Additionally, it was noted that while en route, one of the Ikhwan loyalists managed to escape and alert Hayef bin Shuqair and his followers of the approaching Kuwaiti forces.

[22] Following the Battle of Hamdh, there was a prevailing sentiment regarding the urgent need to construct a protective wall around Kuwait to safeguard against potential threats and repulse enemy incursions.

Responsibilities for the labor were divided among prominent figures in the city, who were tasked with various duties, including digging, sourcing clay, transportation, providing mortar, feeding the workers, and supplying water.

However, he was unaware that the Darin Agreement, signed in 1915 between the British government and the Emirate of Najd, which recognized Ibn Saud as the ruler of Al-Ahsa, Qatif, and Jubail, did not delineate the borders of Kuwait.

[30] Faisal Al-Dawish dispatched Mandil bin Ghanayman to Sheikh Salem Al-Mubarak to negotiate a truce, threatening that failure to accept the terms would result in the Ikhwan being permitted to attack the palace.

The conditions proposed by the Ikhwan for peace included adherence to Islamic principles, the expulsion of Shiites, the prohibition of smoking and other perceived immoral practices, and a public denunciation of the Turks, despite their departure from the region years earlier during World War I.

[32] Sheikh Ahmad Jaber Al-Sabah, the deputy emir, organized a military force in Kuwait City to assist those besieged in the Red Palace in Jahra.

[33] Faisal Al-Dawish attempted to gauge the situation of those besieged inside the palace by sending one of the Ikhwan's scholars, named Uthman bin Sulayman, to discuss the previously mentioned peace terms.

He instructed his secretary to draft a response to Faisal Al-Dawish, indicating his compliance with the peace terms on the condition that the Ikhwan forces withdraw from the palace and Jahra.

In response to the escalating tensions, an aircraft subsequently flew over the Ikhwan camp in Al-Sabihiya, dropping leaflets that issued warnings against any attacks on the city of Kuwait.

They launched an attack on Mazid bin Faisal Al-Dawish in northern Kuwait, resulting in his death and the seizure of his wealth before advancing northward to raid Al-Dhafir.

[38] After successfully capturing Al-Dhafeer, Faisal Al-Dawish established a position near Al-Zubair and sent a message to its ruler, Ibn Ibrahim, expressing his desire to meet and requesting assistance in retrieving deposits that had been left in Al-Dhafir during the raid.

[40] In retaliation, Ibn Ibrahim traveled to Basra to seek assistance from the British political officer, who supplied him with five hundred rifles and a contingent of soldiers to bolster Al-Zubair's defenses.

An aircraft was deployed to fly over the Ikhwan's forces in an effort to intimidate them, ultimately prompting their retreat back to Najd Khazʽal Ibn Jabir, the ruler of Mohammerah, undertook the responsibility of mediating peace between Kuwait and Riyadh.

It was agreed to send a delegation to Riyadh to engage in peace negotiations, led by Sheikh Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, the Crown Prince of Kuwait at the time.

They then proceeded to Al-Ahsa, where they received a warm welcome from Prince Abdullah bin Juluwi, before continuing their journey to Riyadh to meet with Sultan Abdulaziz Al Saud of Najd.

The treaty was signed by Abdullah Al-Damlouji on behalf of King Abdulaziz, and by Major John Moore, the British political agent, representing Sheikh Ahmad Jaber Al-Sabah.