[2] The relations between ancestors of Belarusians and Lithuanians (Eastern Slavs and Balts) have been developing since ancient times; their close communication is shown by archaeological and linguistic data.

Belarusian and Lithuanian nobles, partly townsmen and peasants, together defended the Grand duchy, participated in the liberation movement, especially in the uprisings of 1830-31 and 1863-64.

[4] After its territory was occupied by the Red Army in 1918, the Belarusian government in exile operated for some time in the temporary capital of Lithuania, Kaunas.

[4][5] According to a 26 September 1940 meeting protocol of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, Panteleimon Ponomarenko, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, narrated during the meeting that previously he discussed with the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin the issue of the territorial transfers between the Byelorussian SSR and the Lithuanian SSR and Stalin said to him that if he will not transfer territories where there are many Lithuanians he will be punished.

On 27 October 2010, President Dalia Grybauskaitė became the first ever Lithuanian head of state to the Belarusian capital of Minsk, as well as the second leader of an EU member nation to visit Belarus (Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi was the first).

[10] In May 2019, former president and Member of the European Parliament Rolandas Paksas paid a visit to Belarus for the first time in an official capacity, discussing proposals to stabilize the military-political situation in the Baltic Sea.

Lithuania has attempted to encourage a European orientation in Belarusian leadership, and has pursued trade deals and cooperation among law enforcement agencies.

Sharing of information led to the arrest of Belarusian human-rights activist Ales Bialiatski, resulting in European condemnation of both countries.

[13] Following the Lukashenko government's crackdown after the disputed 2020 Belarus presidential elections, which were widely regarded as unfree and unfair,[14] Belarusian opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya fled to Lithuania.

[17] Following the Ryanair Flight 4978 incident on 23 May 2021, during which Belarus officials arrested two passengers, opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich and his girlfriend Sofia Sapega, the relations between the countries have further deteriorated.

[20] In June 2021, Lithuanian officials claimed that Belarusian authorities could encourage illegal migration from Iraq and Syria to Lithuania by organizing groups of refugees and helping them to cross the Belarusian-Lithuanian border.

[22] Belarusian independent journalists checked the airport and claimed that the majority of passengers arrived from Iraq and Turkey were men aged 30–50 who were met by two travel agencies.

[26] According to investigation of Lithuanian LRT, the most frequent category of migrants, Iraqi Kurds, claimed that they were told that entering European Union via Belarus is legal.

After a few days in Belarusian hotels migrants were collected, taken to the border and set the direction of movement on foot claiming that the car will wait them in Lithuania.

The bill terminated the agreement signed by the governments of Lithuania and Belarus in Vilnius on June 1, 2006, to set out areas of cross-border cooperation between the two neighbouring countries.